Washington — US President Joe Biden announced limited measures to tackle gun violence in the US last week, but more ambitious steps will be harder to enact despite widespread public support.
Here are some facts about gun violence in the US.
How many Americans own guns?
With about 121 firearms in circulation for every 100 residents, the US is by far the most heavily armed society in the world, according to the Geneva-based Small Arms Survey, a research group.
However, gun ownership is becoming less common across the country. One in three US households owned firearms in 2016, down from nearly half in 1990, according to the Rand Corporation think-tank. Ownership varies significantly by state: 66% of Montana households owned firearms, compared with just 8% in New Jersey.
What sort of laws govern firearms?
The second amendment of the US constitution enshrines the “right to bear arms”, which the US supreme court has interpreted to allow individuals to keep handguns at home for self-defence. The conservative-leaning court may soon decide whether gun owners can carry guns outside the home.
The federal government requires most gun buyers to clear a criminal-background check and tightly regulates ownership of machine guns, which are fully automatic, and silencers.
Most other gun laws are set at the state level, where policies vary widely.
Many Democrat-dominated states have tightened their laws in recent years. California, for example, has banned military-style semi-automatic “assault weapons” and large-capacity magazines and has the most robust “red flag” system, which allows authorities to take firearms away from people determined to be dangerous.
The state also prohibits people from carrying loaded firearms in public — a practice known as “open carry” — and gun owners must get a permit before carrying a concealed loaded weapon.
Gun laws are much more permissive in rural states, including Idaho, Kentucky and Wyoming.
Mississippi has the most permissive US laws, according to the Giffords Law Center, a gun-control group. Residents of that state do not need a permit to carry loaded weapons, whether openly or concealed, and sales of “assault weapons” and large-capacity magazines are legal. Buyers do not face waiting periods and the state does not have a red-flag law.
Mississippi and 28 other states also have enacted “stand your ground” laws that allow people to use deadly force when they feel threatened.
What impact does this have?
Americans aren’t necessarily more violent than other cultures — but their disputes are more likely to turn deadly, experts say.
University of Iowa criminology professor Mark Berg found the rates of assault in the US are similar to other countries, but homicide rates are higher due to the prevalence of guns.
Firearms were a factor in 39,740 US deaths in 2018, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), similar to the number caused by motor-vehicle accidents. Suicides account for six out of 10 gun deaths.
Will gun laws change?
Gun rights are one of the most divisive issues in American politics. Supporters see firearms as an important tool for self-defence, target shooting and hunting, as well as a powerful symbol of individual rights. Critics say America’s permissive approach leads to tens of thousands of deaths each year.
High-profile mass shootings have increased public pressure to tighten regulations. Most Americans support tougher gun laws, according to Reuters-Ipsos polling, but Washington has done little to address the problem in recent years.
One reason: small, rural states where gun ownership is widespread have disproportionate influence in the US Senate, where a super-majority of 60 votes is needed to advance most legislation in the 100-seat chamber.
The Democrat-controlled House of Representatives passed legislation expanding background checks last month, but it faces long odds in the Senate, which is split 50-50 between the two parties.
With Congress deadlocked, presidents have acted on their own.
After a 2017 mass shooting in Las Vegas that killed 58 people, then-president Donald Trump banned “bump stocks” that allow semi-automatic rifles to fire at a rate similar to automatic ones. But Trump, a Republican, also made it easier for people with mental illness to buy guns.
Biden, a Democrat, aims to tighten regulations on self-assembled “ghost guns” that can be sold without serial numbers or background checks and to make it easier for states to adopt red-flag laws.
Changing politics?
The political landscape may be changing. The National Rifle Association (NRA) has been one of the most influential gun rights lobbying groups in Washington for decades, but has been hobbled in recent years by infighting. The group recently filed for bankruptcy in an attempt to stave off a legal challenge in New York.
The NRA gave $30m to candidates in the 2020 presidential and congressional elections, down from $55m in 2016, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.
Meanwhile, advocacy groups such as Moms Demand Action that back stronger restrictions have stepped up lobbying expenses over the past decade, though they still trail gun-rights groups as a whole.
Reuters